A. DEFINISION
A conjunction is a word that links
words, phrases, or clauses. Conjunctions are used frequently in everyday speech
and writing. Use these definitions, lists and samples to learn how to identify
them within sentences.
A conjunction is any word that
connects other words within a sentence. There are three types of conjunctions:
coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions and subordinating
conjunctions, and each type is used differently within a sentence. By
understanding the types of conjunctions and their functions in the English
language, you can improve your overall grammar and sentence structure.
B. TIPE OF CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a word that connects other
words or groups of words. In the sentence Bob and Dan are friends
the conjunction and
connects two nouns and in the sentence He will drive or fly, the conjunction or connects two
verbs. In the sentence It is early but we can go, the conjunction but connects two
groups of words.
A conjunction is a word that links
words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative
conjunctions, and subordinating
conjunctions.
1. Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions
which connect two equal parts of a sentence. The
most common coordinating conjunctions are: and, but, or, nor,
either…or, neither…nor, yet, not only… but also…, both…and. Coordinating
conjunctions are of four kinds:
a. Additive (cumulative or
copulative) conjunctions
An additive conjunction
merely adds one statement to another. It doesn’t express ideas such as
contrast, choice or inference. Examples are: and, also, too, as well
as, both…and, not only…but also…
1) He
walked into the room and sat on the sofa. (Here the additive
conjunction and merely adds the clauses ‘he walked into the room’ and ‘he sat
on the sofa’.)
2) He
was not only abused but also beaten. (Here
the additive conjunction not only…but also… joins the two clauses ‘he was
abused’ and ‘he was beaten’.)
3) These
lessons are both free and useful.
b. Adversative coordinating
conjunctions
They
express a contrast between two statements in a sentence. Examples are: but,
nevertheless, however, whereas, only, still etc.
1) He
is poor but he is honest.
2) Wise
men love truth, whereas fools shun it.
3) The
captain was annoyed, still he kept quiet.
4) She
was late, still she was not punished.
c. Alternative conjunctions
Alternative
conjunctions express a choice between two alternatives. Examples are: or,
nor, either…or, neither…nor, otherwise, else etc.
1) He
is either a fool or a rogue.
2) You
must leave this place at once or you will have to face the
consequences.
3) I
did not see it, nor did they.
4) Neither
a borrower, nor a lender be.
5) He
knows nothing about this work, neither does he try to learn
anything about it.
d. Inferential or illative
conjunctions
These
conjunctions introduce some inference. Examples are: therefore, for, so
etc.
1) Work
hard, for nobody can succeed without hard work.
2) He
was lazy, therefore, he failed.
3) I was tired so I went to sleep.
a. AND is used to join or add words together in the
sentence.
Example : - They ate and drank.
- My
friend and I will attend the meeting.
b. OR is used to show choice or possibilities as in the
sentence
Example : - He will be here on Monday or
Tuesday.
- Did
you go out or stay at home?
c. BUT is used to show opposite or conflicting ideas as
in the sentence.
Example : - She is small but
strong.
- This
is a useful rule, but difficult to remember.
d. SO is used to show result as in the sentence.
Example : I was tired so I went
to sleep.
2.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions
these are the largest class of conjunctions. They connect subordinate clauses
to a main clause. They are adverbs used as conjunctions. Subordinate
conjunctions are words or phrases that connect a dependent clause or adjective
or adverbial phrase to an independent clause. The dependent clauses provide
context and description for the independent clause; in short, it adds
information that isn't the direct focus of the sentence but is important in
adding time, place, or reasons to the sentence.
Examples:
a.
Time:
after, before, since, when, while, until
Ex. 1: After
Josie studied the lab reports, she determined that Glen would need further
treatment.
Explanation:
The After clause explains the time frame for Josie's
decision that Glen needed further treatment. It gives readers the information
that they need to understand how Josie determined Glen's need. Notice how the
above sentence sounds so much better than if the sentence had been written with
two independent clauses:
-
Josie studied the lab
reports.
-
She determined that
Glen would need further treatment.
Using
a subordinate conjunction to combine the sentences not only makes the style
better, but it also tells us that the decision was made after Josie had
studied the reports. We can feel better that the decision is based on Josie's
previous work and Glen's treatment is not unfounded!
b.
Reason:
because, since, so that, why
Ex. 2: Because
the war is being fought in the Middle East, oil prices will continue to rise.
Explanation:
The Because clause provides a reason for the rise in oil prices, the
information the writer is stressing in that sentence. Since that clause comes
before the main clause, it is followed by a comma. If the clause were to come
at the end of the sentence, as in
c.
Place:
where, wherever
Ex. 3: Whenever
a country goes to war, certain freedoms in that country may be compromised.
Explanation:
The main point in the above sentence is that freedoms may be lost; the
dependent point, expressed in the whenever clause, gives explanation to
the main point by describing when freedoms may be lost. Again notice the comma
following the opening dependent clause.
d.
Condition:
if, unless, until, in case
Ex. 4: The candidate, who
ran a clean race, was elected by a wide majority.
Explanation:
The dependent clause here comes in the middle of the sentence and is used to
clarify why the candidate won. Because this who clause can be removed
from the sentence without changing the main point, commas are used to separate
it from the main clause. Such an unnecessary clause is called a non-restrictive
clause since it doesn't restrict the meaning of the sentence.
e.
Manner:
as if, as though, how
Ex. 5: Any voters who
have registered can vote.
Explanation:
In this example, the who clause is necessary to the meaning of the main
clause since the meaning of the sentence is that only registered voters can
vote. Without who have registered the sentence would have an entirely
different meaning. As a result of the necessary clause, there are no commas.
Such a clause is called a restrictive clause since it restricts the meaning of
the sentence.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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